From: Subject: early Flemish painting Date: Tue, 11 Feb 2003 13:13:51 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C2D1CF.6B77E450" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5579 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C2D1CF.6B77E450 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.oil-painting-techniques.com/flemish-painting.html early Flemish painting

Painting in Layers

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Painting in Layers: Early Flemish Painting

Artists have used oil paints since the eighth century, but = their=20 widespread use dates from the early fifteenth century, when = Flemish=20 painters like Broederlam and van Eyck built up exquisite works in = repeated=20 layers of paint, often as glazes over thin layers of opaque oil = paint. Oil=20 dried more slowly and evenly than tempera, allowing the artist the = time to=20 correct or extend his work. eness: a coherent and integrated = statement,=20 with all aspects closely worked in.

The first supports were panels of wood =97 poplar, oak, lime, = beech,=20 chestnut, cherry, pine and silver fir: all carefully prepared. = Canvas was=20 adopted by the Venetians, as wood tended to warp, and fresco to = mildew, in=20 the moist atmosphere of the lagoons.Body color was generally applied in a free, painterly way, and = precise,=20 detailed glazes added later. Though applied in thin layers to = allow proper=20 drying, the underpainting accumulated to opaquely cover the = ground. The=20 work proceeded in lengthy stages, often with layers being scraped = back,=20 and/or the earlier paint being oiled=20 out. Each picture generally took 6 to 12 months.Approaches Layering is still the soundest approach to oil painting, though = the=20 range of techniques and materials is necessarily wider than those = used in=20 Flemish paintings. The method is a lengthy one, and is best suited = to=20 miniatures, photo-realism, and painting that requires a very high = degree=20 of detail and surface finish. Steps:Either 1a. begin with an accurate drawing (older artists = probably used=20 a camera obscura, for which photographs can be substituted = today)Or 1b. begin like a watercolor with few pencil lines and broad = washes=20 of turps-thinned paint. 2. Dry. 3. Lay in thin body color 4. Dry. 5. Lay in second thin body color, within the contours of the = first=20 layer or overpainting it. 6. Continue building up the underpainting in a long, continuous = process=20 of trial and error, using the full range of painting techniques. = 7. Dry thoroughly. 8. Lay in glazes, and work wet into wet as necessary. 9. Dry. 10. Lay in thicker glazes, modifying previous glazes where = necessary.=20 11. Add body color to recapture areas glazed too heavily.It is also possible to alternate body color and glaze rather = than leave=20 all glazing to the end. Shadows may be created by glazes, and the = final=20 picture harmonized. Reference: TerminologyWet into wet =97 wet color into, over or alongside other wet = color Wet over dry =97 traditional approach allowing systematic = control. Painting to completion or in sections =97 more control with = latter but=20 disjointed appearance is a danger. Painting in layers =97 principle behind traditional technique. = Refining foundation =97 adding to the body color with more = subtlety of=20 color and tone. Finishing with glazes =97 final modifications of foundation and = layers=20 with glazes. Varying paint thickness =97 modifying tone and color by = thickness of=20 paint: common but needs great skill. Dead coloring =97 first application in layered technique, = either built up=20 subsequently into further layers or into underpainting. Underpainting =97 painting which is designed to combine with = later=20 painting (often but not necessarily glazes) to produce desired = effect.Using ground =97 allowing the ground to partly show through in = the=20 finished picture.Body color =97 paint given body: dense paint: generally paint = made opaque=20 by adding white. Grisaille =97 underpainting wholly in shades of gray.Scumble =97 partial covering of white applied while paint below = is still=20 wet. Frottie =97 complete film of semi=97transparent paint, either = with glaze or=20 smeared thin. Scraping back =97 paint scraped back to reveal ghost of last = application=20 or some of previous. Rubbing =97 using fingers to rub in paint: a controlled and = useful=20 technique. Glazing =97 layer of transparent color: laid on when paint = below is=20 practically dry: any color can be used with glazing medium but = transparent=20 colors are best. Impasto =97 thick paint standing proud of surrounding surface: = used for=20 textural effects and also with glazes. Blending =97 softening edges of paint after they have been = applied,=20 usually with clean brush. Teasing =97 manipulating paint after it has been set down. Hatching =97 strokes or cross-strokes in wet paint that blend = at a=20 distance. Scoring =97 scratching back to underlying layer: often used to = represent=20 hair or creases in skin. Oiling out. When the painting or part of the painting dries = dull and=20 opaque (i.e. the paint sinks in) it is wise, prior to continuing = painting,=20 to gently rub in a retouching varnish as as to correctly judge = colors.=20 ReferencesThe classic techniques are well covered by older works, of = which these=20 may be the more useful:=20

1. The Artists's Handbook of Materials and Techniques = by Ralph=20 Mayer. 5th Edition. Viking Press. 1991.

2. Formulas for Painters by Robert Massey. = Watson-Gupthill.=20 1980.

3. The Materials of the Artist and their Use in = Painting by=20 Max Doerner. Harvest Books. 1984

4. The Artist's Methods and Materials. M. Bazzi. John = Murray.=20 1960.

5. Guide to the Finest Watercolor Paints. Wilcox. = Artways.=20 1991.

6. Artist's Pigments: A Handbook of their History and=20 Characteristics edited by Elizabeth Fitzhugh. National = Gallery of=20 Art Publication. 1997.

7. Methods and Materials of the Painting of the Great = Schools and=20 their Masters: Two Volumes Bound as One by Sir Charles Lock=20 Eastlake. Dover Publications 2002. Reprint of classic 1847=20 text.

Illustrations9a. The Madonna with Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck. = 1434.=20 Mus=E9e du Louvre. Paris. Almost photographic detail (probably = achieved with=20 a camera obscura) but a simple color scheme of reds through to = yellow.Company=20 | Credits&= nbsp;| Disclaime= r=20 | Email

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